Traditionally, the minimax circle location problems concern , nding a circle C in the plane such that the maximum distance from the given points to the circumference of the circle is minimized. The radius of the circle can be , xed or Variable. In this paper we consider the inverse case, that is: a circle C with radius r0 is given and we want to modify the coordinate of existing points with the minimum cost such that the given circle becomes optimal. Mathematical models and some properties of the cases that circle C becomes optimal with comparing to all other circles, and circle C becomes the best circle with comparing to the circles with radius r0 are presented.

In this paper we consider the inverse of backup 2-median problem. In this problem, a set of weighted points are given and we should change some parameters of the problem such as weights of vertices and edges and coordinates of points such that the two given points be the backup 2-median. We present mathematical models for inverse backup 2-median problems on graphs. In the case that the underlying network is a tree, linear models are presented for the problem with Variable edges and weight of vertices. We also consider the continuous case of the problem with Variable coordinates of vertices on the plane. In this case, we solve the model by PSO and a hybrid improved PSO methods. Computational results are compared for the varying amounts of parameters.

Transforming geocentric Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z) to geodetic curvilinear coordinates (φ , λ , h) on a biaxial ellipsoid is one of the problems used in satellite positioning, coordinates conversion between reference systems, astronomy and geodetic calculations. For this purpose, various methods including Closed-form, Vector method and Fixed-point method have been developed. In this paper, a new paradigm for calculation of initial values is presented. According to the new initial values, two state of the art iterative methods are modified to calculate the geodetic height and the geodetic latitude accurately and without iteration. The results show that for those points with height values between-10 to 1, 000, 000 km (30-fold more than the altitude of GPS satellites), the maximum error of the calculated height and geodetic latitude is less than 1. 5×10-8 m and 1×10-14 rad (error lower than 0. 001 mm in horizontal), respectively.

For the solution of a variety of problems which concern molecular structures, it is often necessary to calculate the Cartesian coordinates of the atoms from a set of geometric parameters. In order to fully utilize symmetry operations in the calculation of Cartesian coordinates, it is necessary to construct the molecule within a primary coordinate system. This is accomplished by introducing a set of four dummy atoms, by which unit vectors are specified. One atom is placed at the origin and the others at unit distances along each of the three Cartesian axes. in this framework according to the attachment procedures described below. The atoms of a molecule are positioned through the use of a secondary coordinate system. A base coordinate system is defined by the positions of three atoms, numbered 1, 2, and 3. The origin is taken at Atom 1, the negative x-axis passes through Atom 2, and Atom 3 lies in the first or second quadrant of the xy plane. In order to define the angles, the following conventions are adopted: for a general atom j, the atom to which it was attached is called $j^{\prime}$, and the atom to which $j^{\prime}$ was attached is called $j^{\prime \prime}$, and the atom to which $j^{\prime \prime}$ was attached is called $j^{\prime \prime \prime}$. Two special cases where these definitions do not suffice are atoms attached to Atom 1 and to Atom 2. Where j is attached to Atom 2, Atom 1 is taken as $j^{\prime \prime}$ and Atom 3 as $j^{\prime \prime \prime}$. Where j is attached to Atom 1, Atom 2 is taken as $j^{\prime \prime}$ and Atom 3 as $j^{\prime \prime \prime}$. The program described is being used extensively for specifying molecular structures for electron diffraction investigations. Other current uses are in programs for x-ray diffraction of polymers, for estimating magnitudes of energy via postulated force field functions, and in molecular orbital calculations.

The widespread use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in geodesy necessitates the transformation of coordinates from global to national systems, a process that can introduce spatial errors. This research focuses on evaluating the accuracy of coordinate transformations to the national coordinate system of Lebanon, which uses the double stereographic projection on the CLARKE 1880 ellipsoid. Specifically, the study examines the horizontal plane accuracy of this transformation process. The Lebanese map was divided into five zones for this study. Transformation parameters were generated for each zone by combining International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) 2014 coordinates (obtained using an online precise point positioning service) with CLARKE 1880 coordinates calculated from known geodetic coordinates. The newly calculated parameters were then tested against the adopted parameters using 39 check points, and positional errors in the horizontal plane were analyzed. Additionally, the inverse distance weight method was employed to interpolate transformation parameters at the boundaries between zones. The applied method significantly reduced positional errors in projected coordinates at most check points. Furthermore, the successful application of the inverse distance weight method for interpolation proved effective in minimizing positional discrepancies when transforming coordinates in areas located along zone boundaries.

Challenges confronting states in recent years have significantly impacted how societies are governed and how public services are delivered adequately. This issue has led to the introduction of the governance approach emphasizing networking and leveraging the resources and capacities of actors and stakeholders from diverse sectors. Given the varied interpretations of governance by scholars and researchers, each emphasizing specific aspects based on their respective areas of expertise, a wide range of definitions of governance has emerged in the literature. This study employs thematic synthesis to examine various definitions of governance, as different scholars propose. Ultimately, the study categorizes these definitions into seven broad categories: structure, function, process (procedure), role, mechanism, level, goals and outcomes. Each of these categories encompasses subcategories that can accommodate various definitions of governance, thereby reducing conceptual confusion among researchers and facilitating the appropriate application of the governance concept in their studies.

Background: Common Variable immune deficiency (CVID) is the commonest symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and represents a heterogenous collection of disorders resulting mostly in antibody deficiency and recurrent infections. The syndrome includes impaired B-cell maturation, impaired somatic hyper mutation, reduced numbers of circulating memory and isotype-switched memory B cells, and absent or reduced plasma cells. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a tumor necrosis family receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17), expressed only on B cell lines, and is essential for survival of long-lived plasma cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate mutations in BCMA in patients with CVID in compare with normal individuals in Isfahan, Iran.Methods: Blood samples were collected from 10 CVID patients with substitutive immunoglobulin therapy before immunoglobulins (Ig) infusion and 10 normal controls in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes then DNA samples were extracted and after the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done, samples were sequenced.Findings: After reviewing the results of the sequence and alignment of the sequences, no mutations in the gene were seen.Conclusion: In addition to the study of mutation in BCMA gene, BCMA gene and protein expression level should be considered to understand more aspects of this disease.

Contemporary interpretation is one of the most important interpretive approaches, the origin of which is to present the messages of the Qur'an in accordance with the requirements of the time and the needs of the day. One of the issues that seems necessary to address is the study of its coordinates in various interpretive formats; examining the coordinates of modern exegesis in a specific format or interpretations of a specific period of time, as it can be useful in understanding the nature of this approach, to know the position, role and effectiveness of this approach in that interpretive format is also effective. Despite the importance of addressing this issue and the important place of this approach in the field of exegesis, especially contemporary exegesis, this issue has not been considered and addressed so far. From this perspective, in this research, an attempt has been made to examine the question by examining contemporary sequential interpretations: What are the characteristics of contemporary interpretation in contemporary sequential interpretations? According to the research findings, which has been done by using qualitative content analysis method and studying contemporary interpretive sources, contemporary exegesis is an approach in which the commentator tries to interpret the Qur'an in accordance with the needs, conditions and requirements of his time. Hence, in the contemporary period, the motives, knowledge and expertise of the commentators, the demands and needs of the time, social, political and cultural changes and intellectual issues and controversies of this period, have caused the emergence of a special aspect of modern interpretation in sequential interpretations that has features and characteristics such as: emphasizing the thematic unity of the verses of each surah, systematizing the verses, exemplary development of the verses, answering emerging issues and dubious things, and paying attention to persuading the audience.

The Effect of different culture conditions on growth and production of antimicrobial agents by Oudemansiella spp, using the Variable Size - Simplex Design, were investigated. The results obtained from the experiments indicated that the optimum condition for growth and production of antimicrobial agents, situated at pH between 5.6 and 6.8, temperature between 28°C and 30.6 ºC, shaking rate between 137 and 170 rpm. The results also showed the fungus grow and produced antimicrobial agents at a very wide range of glucose concentration. Increasing the concentration of glucose over 15 g/L, resulted in decreasing the activity of the fungus.